Rosa Bonheur (1822–1899), French, A trailblazer of 19th-century art, this French painter shattered conventions with her vivid, unidealized depictions of animals. Born into a family of artists, she developed an early fascination with nature, spending hours sketching livestock at Parisian slaughterhouses—an unusual practice for a woman of her time. Her monumental *The Horse Fair* (1853), a dynamic portrayal of Percherons in motion, earned international acclaim for its anatomical precision and raw energy. Unlike many contemporaries who romanticized rural life, she approached her subjects with a scientist’s eye, blending realism with subtle drama.
Defying gender norms, she obtained official permission to wear trousers for fieldwork, smoked publicly, and lived openly with her female partner—a boldness that fueled gossip but also cemented her as an icon of independence. Queen Victoria admired her work, and by mid-career, she was one of Europe’s most celebrated artists, selling engravings of her paintings widely. Later, she retreated to a château near Fontainebleau, surrounding herself with a menagerie that included lions and gazelles. Though sometimes dismissed as a "mere" animalier, her work influenced later realist and naturalist movements, proving that depth could reside in the unflinching observation of the non-human world.