Gymnetrus Hawkeniii, The Hawken’s-Fish. (1785-1797) by Marcus Elieser Bloch

Marcus Elieser Bloch (1723–1799), German, A pioneering figure in natural history illustration, this German physician-turned-ichthyologist devoted his life to documenting the diversity of aquatic life with scientific precision and unexpected artistry. Though trained in medicine, his passion lay in the study of fish, leading to the monumental *Allgemeine Naturgeschichte der Fische*—a 12-volume masterpiece featuring 432 hand-colored copperplate engravings. Unlike dry anatomical sketches, his works balanced taxonomic rigor with vivid compositions, capturing the iridescence of scales and fluid motion of fins against carefully rendered seabeds. Bloch collaborated with engravers and colorists to achieve unprecedented accuracy, often working from specimens sent by global collectors, though some exotic species were inevitably romanticized through European lenses. His plates became references for both scientists and artists, bridging Enlightenment empiricism and aesthetic sensibility. Despite errors by modern standards (like mermaids sketched from dubious reports), the project advanced ichthyology and influenced later naturalists like Cuvier. The interplay of shadow and translucency in his depictions of jellyfish or the dramatic posture of a leaping sturgeon reveal an eye for dynamism rarely seen in scientific art of the era. Financial struggles and the Napoleonic Wars overshadowed his later years, but his legacy endures in museums and the species bearing his name, like *Blochius longirostris*.